An Overview of Biomes and Climate

Geography is interested in how people and cultures relate to the physical environment. The largest environment of which we are part is the biosphere. The biosphere is the part of the earths surface and its atmosphere where organisms exist. It has also been described as the life-supporting layer that surrounds the Earth. The biosphere we live in is made up of biomes. A biome is a large geographical region where certain types of plants and animals thrive. Each biome has a unique set of environmental conditions and plants and animals that have adapted to those conditions. The major land biomes have names like tropical rainforest, grasslands, desert, temperate deciduous forest, taiga (also called coniferous or boreal forest), and tundra. Climate and Biomes The differences in these biomes can be traced to differences in climate and where they are located in relation to the Equator. Global temperatures vary with the angle at which the suns rays strike the different parts of the Earths curved surface. Because the suns rays hit the Earth at different angles at different latitudes, not all places on Earth receive the same amount of sunlight. These differences in the amount of sunlight cause differences in temperature. Biomes located in the high latitudes (60Â ° to 90Â °) farthest from the Equator (taiga and tundra) receive the least amount of sunlight and have lower temperatures. Biomes located at middle latitudes (30Â ° to 60Â °) between the poles and the Equator (temperate deciduous forest, temperate grasslands, and cold deserts) receive more sunlight and have moderate temperatures. At the low latitudes (0Â ° to 23Â °) of the Tropics, the suns rays strike the Earth most directly. As a result, the biomes located there (tropical rainforest, tropical grassland, and the warm desert) receive the most sunlight and have the highest temperatures. Another notable difference between biomes is the amount of precipitation. In the low latitudes, the air is warm, due to the amount of direct sunlight, and moist, due to evaporation from warm sea waters and ocean currents. Storms produce so much rain that the tropical rain forest receives 200 inches per year, while the tundra, located at a much higher latitude, is much colder and dryer, and receives just ten inches. Soil moisture, soil nutrients, and length of growing season also affect what kinds of plants can grow in a place and what kinds of organisms the biome can sustain. Along with temperature and precipitation, these are factors that distinguish one biome from another and influence the dominant types of vegetation and animals that have adapted to a biomes unique characteristics. As a result, different biomes have different kinds and quantities of plants and animals, which scientists refer to as biodiversity. Biomes with greater kinds or quantities of plants and animals are said to have high biodiversity. Biomes like the temperate deciduous forest and grasslands have better conditions for plant growth. Ideal conditions for biodiversity include moderate to abundant precipitation, sunlight, warmth, nutrient-rich soil, and a long growing season. Because of the greater warmth, sunlight, and precipitation in the low latitudes, the tropical rainforest has greater numbers and kinds of plants and animals than any other biome. Low Biodiversity Biomes Biomes with low precipitation, extreme temperatures, short growing seasons, and poor soil have low biodiversity -- fewer kinds or amounts of plants and animals -- due to less than ideal growing conditions and harsh, extreme environments. Because desert biomes are inhospitable to most life, plant growth is slow and animal life is limited. Plants there are short and the burrowing, nocturnal animals are small in size. Of the three forest biomes, the taiga has the lowest biodiversity. Cold year-round with harsh winters, the taiga has low animal diversity. In the tundra, the growing season lasts a mere six to eight weeks, and plants there are few and small. Trees cant grow due to permafrost, where only the top few inches of the ground thaw during the short summer. The grasslands biomes are considered to have more biodiversity, but only grasses, wildflowers, and a few trees have adapted to its strong winds, seasonal droughts, and annual fires. While biomes with low biodiversity tend to be inhospitable to most life, the biome with the highest biodiversity is inhospitable to most human settlement. A particular biome and its biodiversity have both potential and limitations for human settlement and meeting human needs. Many of the important issues facing modern society are the consequences of the way humans, past and present, use and change biomes and how that has affected the biodiversity in them.

Analysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet - 1286 Words

Like a hypnotist, Shakespeare manages to entrance us in his story, drawing us deep into the world of Hamlet while simultaneously preserving the notion that â€Å"its just a play.† Instances of theatrical self-reference, or more accurately, â€Å"metatheatre,† seamlessly riddle the pages of Hamlet. Rhetorically, Shakespeare integrates words such as play, act, show, audience, stage, prologue, cue, applaud and globe to form a continuous theatrical context. Hamlet, on hearing the ghost of his father beg him to â€Å"remember me,† responds, â€Å"Ay, thou poor ghost, whiles memory holds a seat in this distracted globe† (1.5. 103-4). Upon acknowledging Hecuba’s grief, Hamlet wonders, â€Å"Have he the motive and (the cue) for passion that I have? He would drown the stage with tears†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2.2.588-9). But metatheatre serves as more than just an additional layer of amusement; it s inherent power to blur the boundary between theatre and reality char acterizes the world of Hamlet and reinforces the notion that â€Å"All the world is a stage and all men and women merely players.† (2.7.142-3) Almost nothing in the play is as it seems. From the onset of the play, Hamlet acknowledges the disparity between appearance and reality when he quibbles with his mother’s use of the word â€Å"seems†. In his notorious â€Å"I know not ‘seems’† speech, Hamlet points out that while one may pretend to be in mourning by displaying all the outward signs of grief- â€Å"customary suits of solemn black,† or â€Å"windy suspiration of forced breath† (1.2.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 959 Words   |  4 Pagesnot to â€Å"x† (An analysis of Hamlet s Soliloquy To Be or Not to Be) There are many outstanding stories that have been written by the one and only William Shakespeare, in which a soliloquy of a character is very compelling. The play Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a story in which a man kills his own brother and then marries the wife of his brother and takes the throne while he is at it. There are many secrets and no one knows that the original king was killed by his brother. Hamlet is then told byRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1061 Words   |  5 PagesKylie Kwiatt Jaime Jordan Reading Shakespeare October 29, 2014 Hamlet through Feminist Lens In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character of Ophelia may be looked at and analyzed through a Feminist perspective. By using a Feminist lens, readers may observe the impact of patriarchal society and misogyny on the mind of a young lady doing her best to fit into the role of a Shakespearian-era woman. Women were expected to be virginal, yet sexual, subservient and inferior to men, and possessionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1021 Words   |  5 Pages Ochoa1 Daniela Ochoa English Mrs. Levine 19 April 2016 Women’s Roles in Hamlet â€Å"There’s a remarkable amount of sexism on TV. When male characters are flawed, they’re interesting, deep and complex, but when women characters are flawed, they’re just a mess.† Ellen Pompeo. In â€Å"Hamlet† Ophelia and Gertrude are the only females mentioned throughout the Shakespeare’s tragic play. The two women are unappreciated and are consideredRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 886 Words   |  4 Pagesthe thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hamlet 2.2 .581) The meta-theatrical play The Mousetrap is central to Hamlet. The play-within-a play is a catalyst to the plot and works to illuminate character. This essay will argue that the scene places Hamlet into the role of a playwright who employs theatrical conventions in order to manipulate his audience rather than entertain. Hamlet transforms The Mousetrap play into an accusatory analogy of King Claudius. This scene also largely contrasts the playwright Shakespeare to Hamlet’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1650 Words   |  7 Pages Duplication and repetition in Hamlet create an effect in which the core foundations of the play are reiterated and given greater attention as to resonate with the audience. Each of these duplications are binary oppositions that showcase a similar situation with opposite processes or results-- ultimately the majority of these duplications are reverberations of death in scenes that show Hamlet trying to be a hero but ending up being a villain. There are two actions in the play that are duplicatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1510 Words   |  7 Pagesknow how they would respond to such an event. Shakespeare s play Hamlet focuses on the concept of grief and the incredible power it has to change the way a person acts. After the death of his father, Hamlet’s character is often thought to have entered a state of madness; however, many fail to see that Hamlet has feigned this madness to seek revenge on those who have wronged his father and as a way to cope with his overwhelming sadness. The actions Hamlet takes and the persona that he presents addsRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1282 Words   |  6 PagesDuring this part of Hamlet, the King has just witnessed Hamlet’s play and concluded that his murderous actions are no longer a secret. Now that there are possible consequences, King Claudius feels regret for his actions and wants to be forgiven. However, he still wants to keep his priz es of being king and marrying the queen, therefore he tries to pray to be forgiven and later on devises a plan to get rid of Hamlet. James Burgh wrote the elocution manual The Art of Speaking to inform the youth ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1406 Words   |  6 PagesAs one of the most famous and world-renowned works, Hamlet has been remade countless of times both on stage and on screen. In 2009 a modernized rendition of the brilliant play starring David Tennant as the Prince of Denmark, with Patrick Stewart as Claudius, and Penny Downie as Gertrude was released to the big screen. Set in early modern times, the clothes of this movie may have been updated, however the language remained loyal to the original text. With the significant length of this interpretationRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1278 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question† Winner of four Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor, Laurence Olivier states in his famous redemption of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, where Laurence Oliver played as Hamlet. Characters Laurence Olivier- Prince Hamlet Eileen Herlie – Queen Gertrude Basil Sydney- King Claudius (current king of Denmark) Jean Simmons- Ophelia (Polonius’s Daughter) Norman Wooland –Horatio (Hamlet’s friend) Felix Aylmer -Polonius John Laurie –FranciscoRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1609 Words   |  7 Pagesechoes and expounds upon the famous â€Å"To be, or not to be† (Hamlet 3.1.56). The former quote was written by none other than Danish philosopher and poet, Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard. Born in 1813, Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard was well acquainted with Shakespeare’s text and often referred to it in his writings. When watching Kenneth Branagh’s unique, unabridged adaptation of Hamlet, it is apparent that Kenneth Branagh was able to capture how similar his Hamlet and Sà ¸ren are in character while making his mark in cinematography

Sustainable Development In Business for Sustainable Development

Question: Discuss about theSustainable Development in Business for Sustainable Development. Answer: Introduction Sustainable development has now become one of the vital components for businesses and received great response from the companies. With the changing business environment and context, the phenomenon received growing recognition, though many businesses have still not been able to grasp the concept at all. Sustainable development assists an organization to develop and adopt strategies through which it can fulfill the needs of the business as well as the stakeholders and simultaneously protecting the future needs of the company by sustaining natural and human resources. Thus, it is the responsibility of an organization to not to deplete natural resources by exploiting them in order to protect the future needs of the company. The mining companies such as BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto have been involved in exploiting of the natural resources to increase their profitability and have also caused air, water and land pollution that makes an area inhabitant for the residents. Apart from this, there are garment companies such as HM, GAP that have been accused of involving into child labor practices. Thus, the businesses must aim to develop sustainable approaches that meet the three goals of environmental protection, economic development and social wellbeing. Sustainable development is beneficial to a business and offers opportunities to the suppliers and developers who are involved in producing products that are eco friendly. The process also benefits organizations that are involved in social well being for the society. Thus, the report would present a literature review of sustainable development for a business in order to gain an insight of the various authors and scholars on the subject. The paper would try to discuss the concept and framework of sustainable development within an organization and what role do stakeholders play in environment management. This would help to understand the three pillars of sustainability that must be embedded within the objectives of an organization. Literature Review Pillars of Sustainable Development The author Murphy (2012) stated that sustainable development aims to attain balance among the three pillars of sustainability including social, economic and environmental. Social pillar has still remained ambiguous, though it has been categorized as one of the most elusive pillars of the process and the organizations have been consistently struggling to be able to balance it. The author Cuthill (2009) clearly stated that the integration of social pillar has not been justified by the companies. The authors Vavik and Keitsch (2010) are of the view that the organizations have been able to address only some of the issues that are being debated by the scholars. The authors are also of the view that the components of social pillars in sustainable development indicator sets indicate the control and authority instead of policy adherence. According to Gough et al (2008), there must be a connection between the environmental and social pillars. The author Murphy (2012) identified the four socia l concepts as public awareness, participation, social cohesion, participation and equity that are connected to the environmental aspects. The author also identified that the horizon of social pillar could be extended to include environmental, international and intergenerational dimensions. He also elaborated that the framework would also assist to gain an insight of the social pillar and its interconnectivity with the environment imperatives. The author Welford (2013), stressed on how the large organizations have responded to sustainable development. He stated that the companies are always after reducing their costs to increase their profitability that compels them to carry out unethical activities such as firing employees when not needed, hiring employees at very low wages, making them work for beyond working hour limits and other activities. Now the employees when receive this treatment and when being fired from their jobs, they tend to incline towards unethical activities that influences society at large. Corporate Social Responsibility According to Moon (2007), corporate social responsibility has a great contribution in the sustainable development of an organization, though the authors have argued that the two concepts contradict each other and are incompatible with each other. The author presented his own argument by saying that no organization would claim itself as socially irresponsible and sustainable at the same time and therefore must be very strategically aligned together. Corporate Social Responsibility was emphasized by the author that could include community participation, socially responsible employee relations and socially responsible products and processes. CSR rewards company in terms of market image, employee satisfaction, investor attractiveness and innovation. CSR has acquired a distinct position within the organization and the companies have developed specific teams to manage the CSR activities and then broadcast them through media. Further, there has been a shift in the attitude of consumers who are now demanding socially responsible products and processes from the companies. Another market driver for CSR is the awareness among the employees who are also demanding a job that ensures work life balance for the staff through ethical and concerned HR policies of the organization. Apart from market drivers, there are social drivers that are pushing the companies to adopt CSR based model and there is a consistent pressure from media attention, society at large, business investors and NGOs. Government requirement is another driver for the incorporation of CSR activities within an organization and has shown its complete support to encourage the businesses to consider the social issues at large. Thus, the author construed that for the sustainable development of an organization, the leaders must incorporate CSR activities within their companies and must focus towards attaining long term goals and objectives. The authors Kolk and Van Tulder (2010) stated that corporate social responsibility supports an organization to become economically profitable, socially supportive, ethical and law abiding. The author Kolk (2009) illustrated about the triple P concept of People, Profit and Planet in order to emphasize on social, economic and environmental aspects of corporate activity. The authors Dunning Fortanier (2007) argued that the multinational corporations have not effectively implemented sustainability and the subject needs to be introspected to gain an internal insight. The author Frynas (2008) claimed that the issues related to sustainable development could be resolved by encouraging the corporations to participate CSR activities and then creating awareness through evidence. The author Verbeke (2009) presented a different view on the subject and stated that corporate social responsibility has become significant phenomenon among the organizations and has received positive response as the co mpanies have realized that it leads to growth, profitability and long term survival. The authors Porter Kramer (2006) strongly stated that corporate social responsibility is one of the potential strategies to attain competitive advantage in the market. The authors Hall, Daneke and Lenox (2010) have strongly presented the potential future of an organization by integrating sustainable development. Entrepreneurship is considered as a solution to introduce sustainable products and processes in the market. In spite of consistent promises of enterprises regarding the sustainable development, the organizations have faced numerous challenges of uncertainty that hinders the process of incorporating sustainability. The authors identified that a large gap exists between the knowledge of scholars and practitioners that how could sustainable development help an organization to increase profitability and long term survival. The authors carried out a research to understand the reasons of existing gap and stressed on abandoning the use of non-renewable resources and increase the use of renewable resources. It was argued that environment and economy dimensions could not be placed at equal level and are separate realms. The author Robinson (2004) ar gued that sustainable development demands slowing down the pace of economic growth that is something the organizations are unwilling to do and thus, sustainable development is an oxymoron issue. The authors Balakrishnan et al (2003) further argued that sustainability contradicts the model of capitalism by stressing on the uncontrolled growth. The author Friedman (2009) suggested that sustainability brings societal transformation through innovation and is more likely to increase economic growth by creating jobs. The author Elkington (1998) also presented his view in favor of sustainable development by stating that almost every firm has a vice president level employee who is responsible for bringing sustainability within organization by using triple bottom line that takes into account the financial, social and environmental performance of the organization. The authors Clelland et al (2000) also stated that an effort towards waste reduction and substituting the resources is appreciated and represents corporate citizenship. The authors Ambec and Lanoie (2008) stated that when an organization makes an effort to take care of the environment then it is more likely to discover opportunities for increasing profitability. The authors Hall and Vredenburg (2003) on the other hand stated that sustainable development leads to creative destruction and offers opportunity for the potential entrant because of market failure. Supply Chain Management The authors Seuring and Muller (2008) have stated that an organization has several processes for production of the products that are being dispersed across the globe. It becomes the responsibility of the focal companies to take care of environmental and social concerns throughout the supply chain management process maintaining the value of the product simultaneously. The authors described focal companies as those companies that are responsible for managing the supply chain and provide customer leads. During the study, it was revealed that the garment industry that has giants players including Nike, Levi Strauss, Adidas, Benetton, CA and Disney, was involved in forced labor where workers were not only forced to work for beyond maximum working limit, rather they were also compelled to work under inhumane working conditions that could lead to their death. The authors focused on the conceptual framework that included three components: triggers for sustainable supply chain management, sup plier management for risks and performance and supply chain management for sustainable products. The triggers were identified as customer, government and stakeholder. The supporting factors were identified was management systems, company-overlapping communication, monitoring, evaluation, reporting, sanctions, training and integration. The authors construed that in order to develop a sustainable supply chain, an organization must consider broader issues to be able to perceive the overall outlook of the supply chain. Further, it was also inferred that an organization cannot ignore social and environmental dimension of the supply chain and must integrate these dimensions while formulating objectives. According to the authors Gold, Seuring and Beske (2009), a sustainable supply chain management process acts as a catalyst to develop valuable inter-organizational resources. This gives the organization an edge in terms of sustained inter-firm competitive advantage by linking the social issues with the environmental imperatives. The authors construed from the research that strategic collaboration is the key to attain inter firm competitive advantage. Strategic collaboration implies that an organization must make efforts to support its suppliers in order to build a sustainable business model that ensures social, environmental and economic performance of the product. Since sustainable business model is difficult to be imitated by the competitors because of its complexity, therefore, an organization could easily get competitive edge by aligning its objectives with the social pillars of sustainability. Stakeholder Participation The author Reed (2008) is of the opinion that stakeholders have a role to play in environmental decision making because of the complex and dynamic nature of environmental challenges. The organizations have also benefitted from the participation of the stakeholders in the decision making process, yet there has been a misconception that the stakeholders are let down when the things do not work out in planned manner. The author was able to successfully evaluate that the involvement of stakeholders in the decision making process enhances the quality of decisions as they consider each and every element of environment and follow a complex process. The author also emphasized on the eight features of best practices that could be used for stakeholder involvement. The process of stakeholders involvement should be based on trust, equity, empowerment and learning model instead of a tool kit approach that stresses on the relevant tools for the job. After thorough research and analysis, the author inferred that involvement of stakeholder should be institutionalized by reinforcing a culture that promotes negotiation of goals and the results could be uncertain. Though, it was argued that the process is very risky but if it is constructively designed then the perceived risks could be eliminated. Conclusion The paper has thus successfully minutely observed the significance of sustainable development in business. Sustainable development is an important component of any business that leads to long term survival of the business and also addresses the social, economic and environmental dimensions. Social, economic and environmental were identified as the three pillars of sustainable development. The previous research and investigations presented a contradictory statement on sustainability as some of the scholars still viewed sustainable development as a hindrance to the growth and profitability of the business. Thus, the enterprises were still found to go through a hard time to be able to completely grasp the concept of sustainability in an organization as it reduced their growth and profitability. Further, corporate social responsibility was identified as an increasing activity among the organizations and its contribution to the growth of an organization was found to be quite imperative. T he market drivers assessed for corporate social responsibility were government, social, customer demand and globalization. Thus, an organization is always under constant pressure to incorporate sustainable practices within its system. Supply chain management is a process that needs to be emphasized by the organizations to integrate with sustainable activities in order to eliminate unethical practices from the society. The participation of stakeholders was also evaluated as an essential element as it leads to quality decision for an organization. References Ambec, S., Lanoie, P. (2008). Does it pay to be green? A systematic overview. Academy of Management Perspectives 22 (4), 4562. Balakrishnan, U., Duvall, T., and Primeaux, P. (2003). Rewriting the bases of capitalism: reflexive modernity and ecological sustainability as the foundations of a new normative framework. Journal of Business Ethics 47 (4), 299315. Clelland, I.J., Dean, T.J.,and Douglas, T.J. (2000). Stepping towards sustainable business: an evaluation of waste minimization practices in US manufacturing. Interfaces 30 (3), 107124. Cuthill, M. (2009). Strengthening the social in sustainable development: developing a conceptual framework for social sustainability in a rapid urban growth region in Australia. Sustainable Development,18(6), pp. 362373. Dunning, J. H., and Fortanier, F. (2007). Multinational Enterprises and the New Development Paradigm: consequences for host country development. Multinational Business Review, 25(1), 25-45. Elkington, J. (1998). Cannibals with forks: the triple bottom line of sustainability. Environmental Quality Management8(1), 37 51 Friedman, T.L. (2009). Have a nice day. New York Times. Frynas, J. G. (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility and International Development: Critical Assessment. Corporate Governance, 16(4), 274-281. Gold, S., Seuring, S. and Beske, P. (2010). Sustainable supply chain management and inter?organizational resources: a literature review.Corporate social responsibility and environmental management,17(4), pp.230-245. Gough, I., Meadowcroft, J., Dryzek, J., Gerhards, J., Lengfeld, H., Marandya, A., and Ortiz, R. (2008). JESPsymposium: climate change and social policy.Journal of European Social Policy18(4), pp. 325344. Hall, J., Vredenburg, H. (2003). The challenges of innovating for sustainable development. Sloan Management Review 45 (1), 6169. Hall, J.K., Daneke, G.A. and Lenox, M.J. (2010). Sustainable development and entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future directions.Journal of Business Venturing,25(5), pp.439-448. IISD. (2017). Sustainable Development. IISD. Available at: https://www.iisd.org/topic/sustainable-development [Accessed Online 10 May 2017]. Kolk, A. (2009). Trajectories of sustainability reporting by MNCs. Journal of World Business. Kolk, A. and Van Tulder, R. (2010). International business, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development.International business review,19(2), pp.119-125. Moon, J. (2007). The contribution of corporate social responsibility to sustainable development.Sustainable development,15(5), pp.296-306. Murphy, K. (2012). The social pillar of sustainable development: a literature review and framework for policyanalysis. Sustainability: Science, Practice Policy, 8(2). Porter, M. E., and Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy society. The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78- 92. Reed, M.S. (2008). Stakeholder participation for environmental management: a literature review.Biological conservation,141(10), pp.2417-2431. Robinson, J. (2004). Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development. Ecological Economics 48, 369384. Vavik, T. Keitsch, M. (2010). Exploring relationships between universal design and social sustainable development: some methodological aspects to the debate on the sciences of sustainability.Sustainable Development18(5), pp. 295305. Welford, R. (2013).Hijacking environmentalism: Corporate responses to sustainable development. Routledge. Seuring, S., and Muller, M. (2008). From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16, pp. 1699-1710.

The Report of the UK Government’s Spending and Revenue Plans

Question: Write a report outlining the current state of the UK governments spending and revenue plans? Answer: Introduction The national income accounts give the insight of all economic activity within the union territory of UK. These activities include both domestic and external activities which has been influencing the countrys economy. These all accounts are being fully integrated which helps in transparency within its approach and also shows the entire spending of the funds which has been paid by the individuals and the company for which the government is accountable. Most of the well known economic statics are given in the national accounts such as GDP, GNP, Public sector borrowings ratio and Balance of trade etc (Geroski and Gregg, 1997). The study deals with various areas of the national accounts of the UK that also includes before and after recession country performance. Apart from that, the study will also highlight the issues and reason for investment high in various sectors. The national income is being made in the line of internationals standards which is ESA 29 (Hartwick, 2000). 1.The principles of National accounts of UK Institutional sectors: In order to bring the transparency on the accounts certain key analysis based on which various institutional sectors are grouped into number of manufacturing unit along with who own and controls them. Some of the major sectors and sub sector are given below: Financial corporations GDP Institutional sector accounts NON financial corporations Production approach Production accounts General government Expenditure approach Generations of income Household Income approach Allocations of primary income accounts NON profit institutions Distribution of income statements serving household Use of disposal income Rest of the world Balance sheet The annual trade of the country = (net exporting)+ importing at (current market prices) of 2002 to 2012 shows that fluctuations within the economy because of recessions in 2007-2008 which has severely hit the country trade (Higgins, 2013). Between 2002-2012 the UK has been consistency running a trade deficit. In 2013, the trade deficit in the current process was 33.9 billion. This shows that, country has been able to increase its net trade by 45.7% from 23.3 billion in 2011(www.ons.gov.uk, 2015). The rest of the world performance in 2008 is poor in compare to the UK trade deficit. In the recent interviews conducted by the BBC news, British Prime Minister Mr. David Cameron has addressed that, His government is paying the Britains debt. This allegation has come after the resolution of budget cut in the NGO sector and reduces in the Military budget. Apart from that other member of the members of his group Chancellor George Osborne has also claimed that deficit has been reduced by 1/3rd since the party came in to the power (www.bbc.com, 2014). 2. Relationship between the budget deficit and public debt Debt here refers to amount of money borrowed by the UK government for maintaining the national security. This debt has been result of many year of unwanted borrowings by the past government. In UK the debt is calculated total debt less government liquid asset (Humphries, 1996). As the chart below shows the debt has increased in the recent year which is to double has double the existing borrowings to 1trllion in past 6 years. This has been increased due to large financial crisis and resulting into recessions. In order to assess the debt percentage with the total output, debt to GDP ratio will give an actual debt and expenditure of the government. The debt to GDP ratio is been rise since 2007-2008 (Iley and Lewis, 2007). Since 1974, there has been eight years when the treasury of UK has ended the year in the black. The GDP of Britain is very much shows the deficit during the financial crisis which jumps from the 109pc in 2009 to 10.1 pc a year later (www.ons.gov.uk, 2015). 3. Current UK national debt numbers Year Gross national debt (, trillion) 2008 0.53 2009 0.62 2010 0.76 2011 0.91 2012 1.10 2013 1.19 2014 1.26 Graph 1: GNP debt of UK (Source: Jenkins, 2013, pp-125) Government spends lesser than it receives will given the government budget surplus. During the time of 1998-2001, UK has four straight year of surplus. As matter of fact, country had huge amount of surplus in the between the year 1947-1974. However, since 2000 to till date government is facing huge deficit, it is because of overspending. As per the latest figures newt borrowings was 15.4 billion in December 2012 (Jenkins, 2013). This shows 0.6 billion higher than December 2011 which was 14.8 billion only in public sector unit. Deficit in public sector unit was 13.0 billion in December 2012; this shows 0.5 billion increase in deficit from 2011 (Parker, 2011). This is because one of the overspending payments recorded as part of the Royal pension plans transfer. In 20213, economic activity as measured of GDP suggest that, it was 1.7% higher than 2012, compared with growth of 0.7% in the previous year. In 2008 the GDP was fell by 0.3% and fell again in 2009 by 4.3% because of the financi al recessions (www.theguardian.com, 2014). However, the recovery of GDP by 1.9% in 2010 was one of the positive sign for the UK economy. Financial year Current budget surplus/deficit (million, ) Net debt as a % of GDP 1998 10,427 40.3 1999 10,891 39.9 2000 12610 40.6 2001 12,476 29.7 2002 12,144 30.8 2003 -12,367 32.2 2004 -17,720 33.9 2005 -14,476 35.1 2006 -7236 35.8 2007 -7,491 43 2008 -37,553 150.4 2009 -86,756 153.6 2010 -76,219 149 2011 -64,217 141 2012 -74,064 140.3 Graph 2: Current deficit of UK (Source: Wanna et al. 2010, pp-259) From the above graph, it has been found that UK national accounts shows that, country overspending in defence and household has incurred company financial deficit. Since 2007-2008 was the bad phase of the world economy, sparing the 2008, country defence arises from 2003- till date (Simon and Proops, 2000). As the UK is known as the power economy in worldwide, country has been not been able perform as per its potential. Some of the major issues of for the increase in the deficit in UK are as given below: 3.1 Issues within the UK economy Consumer spending is lowered: When there is failing prices, this often encourages people to delay in the purchase of products and services because of the cheaper products and services. Apart from that, high deflations is another major issues in UK, sometimes it discourages the consumers to buy the luxury goods because most of the consumer feels by waiting for it would be decrease in price of the products (Pettinger, 2012). Therefore, period of deflations crates lower consumer spending which resultants in to reduce in the lower economic growth. Increase in real value of debt: Other major reason is increase in real value of money and the real value of debt. One of the major reason that government UK is not able to pay off its debt is because of the rise in the value of money which increasing the deficit and borrowings. Consumer s and forms are not been has to pay higher amount of disposable income on meeting the debt repayments (Rowley et al. 2002). This leaves the country for less money for spending and investment. This is also known as the balance sheet recession because half of the money is paid of in debt interested. There is huge problem in Europe as to exposure to debt is higher which making very much difficult to reduce its debt to GDP ratios (Felstead et al. 2012). Increased in real interest areas: Rise in the interest from the year 1999-2012 has been one of the major headaches for the Cameron government to control the deficit. If the deflation is of 2%, this earns the government has real interest rate of +2%. In other words saving money gives the country reasonable returns. Therefore, real interest rate has tightened the monetary policy of UK (Gregg and Wadsworth, 2010). This is particularly a problem majorly in Euro ozone nations which do not have any other monetary policy for examples like Quantities easing. However, UK has been lead to lower growth and higher unemployment during time if 2008 recessions period to 2014 (Ukpublicspending.co.uk, 2015). Wage rate unemployment: As the real wage rate in UK labour market show the sticky Wages. Particularly, worker resist nominal wages cuts especially when the people are use to annual pay increases ever year. Therefore during the time of recession, most of firms including government nations have decreased the real wages which has increases the unemployment in Europe which is major concern for the rise in the budget deficit (Hodson, 2011). Rise in the inflation rate since 2008 was rise by 4.05% which has now become 1.3% in October 2013 has made people to control in its spending which again tends the government to invest to increases the job opportunity to reduce the problems of the inflation within the nations (www.ons.gov.uk, 2015). 4. Impact of debt on GDP (Gross Domestic Products) of UK The GDP of the UK shows the slow growth of GDP but steady by 0.2% in 2012. The total expenditure has been very much invested in the right sector and components (Kaiser, 2011). There has been six equal component out of six were split into three negative and three positive contribution which enables the public to analyse the expenditure done by the government. Components Million Percentage points Household and NGOs 10201 70% General government expenditure 9357 60% Gross fixed capital 1056 10% Change in inventories -5204 -30% Net trade -9326 -60% Other -3523 -20% Total 2561 20% From the above, it has been found that, country has spent more in household expenditure and NGO with 10201 million. Country ahs net trade or export is in less than 3523 for -0.2%. There has been rise in the goods final expenditure which shows that, country consumption expenditure on final sue of goods and services produced and imported by the UK in 2012 (Kersting, 2008). Export of goods and service of the country shows that, 23.5% growth. 16.30% is being spent by the general government final consumptions (www.ons.gov.uk, 2015). Graph 3: Gross final expenditure of UK (Source: Mody and Sandri, 2012, pp-201) In 2002, there was similar kind of patterns household and nonprofit institution serving the households which was accounted for more than 51% of gross final expenditure which is followed by the exporting of products and services with 20.1% (Mody and Sandri, 2012). The gross final expenditure approaches various measures to extricate the over production of productions. From the national statics of the UK, it has been seen that, most of the companies are being using new and innovative products to sell the customers. Apart from that, in 2013, most of the corporation like British telecom and other major companies has done exceptionally well which gain brought the lots of advance tax to the country which was fruitful for the managing the deficient (www.ons.gov.uk, 2015). GDP at market prices from the year 1995 has changed the economic policy of the UK. Years Current market prices 1995 723080 1996 768905 1997 815881 1998 911945 2000 958931 2002 1055793 2003 1118245 2006 1299622 From the above, it has been found that, GDP at current prices are being approached as per the expenditure which shows that country is progressing before the time of recessions. Apart from that the output and volume measures of VAT shows around 80% of the total of the productions. the national accounts of the UK is much transparent and much clear which can be read and understand by the layman (Thompson, 2005). During the time of 2007-2008 worlds has hit by the strong financial crisis which also has affected the country as whole along with its WPI and CPI. The blue book of 2008 represents the financials history of UK and its spending and its surplus/deficit within the existing form of economy (Pettinger, 2012). 5 .Government spending and revenues from the taxations Spending 2013 (,Billion) Pension 31 Health care 140 Education 98 Defence 38 53Transport 23 Public sector safety 32.02 Debt interest 53 Industry , agriculture and employment 17 Social protection 222 Others 53 Total 707.02 Graph 4: UK government expenditure (Source: Kaiser, 2011, pp-342) Category %1 Compensation of employees 51.2 Corporations' gross operating surplus 21.7 Other income 2,3 14.8 Taxes less subsidies 12.3 As per the latest figures given above, UK has been one place down to be first highest spender in defence in world behind united states and US, China, Germany and Russia (Tomes, 2003). However, protection from the budget cuts in last tow budge has made the UK to reach at second positions however, France is shift to the sixth largest spender. Apart from that, as noted by Thompson (2005), when it come s to educations, the department of UK current government has risen the investment in the educations from 90 to 98 billion. A capital budget of 7.2 bn in 2010 -11 was less because of the affect of recession on economy. However, the overall spending with budget has been fall as the inflation has decreases the educations budget as per the UK National accounts (Mody and Sandri, 2012). Apart from that, economic has spend major cash in the transport projects for which gain huge amount loan has been passed to the private sector in order to boost the private sector economy. The home and office ministry of Justice has invested more than 30 billion in maintain public safety for which the rise the recruitment of police force has been one of the major step taken by the government in order to maintain the safety and security within the nations (Ukpublicspending.co.uk, 2015). Besides that, health care services have eaten more than 140 billion investment because of rise in the health issues. NHS get more than 114 billion for opening more of hospitals (Kersting, 2008). However, country is bee severally suffered from the high debt interest which because of huge borrowing of more than 1 trillion. The interest this is been low because of rise in the GDP rates in December 2013. Government earnings Government earnings 2013 (,Billion) VAT 111 Corporation tax 41 National insurance 110 Business rates 27 Income tax 167 Excise duty 47 Council tax 27 Others 118 Total 648 Total deficit= total earning total expenditure =648-707.02 Final deficit of 2013 =59.02 billion Graph 5: UK Government earnings of 2013 (Source: Hodson, 2011, 232) One of the major earnings is from the excise duty which has been rise from the by 1pc by the government of Excise. This rise in duty has increased the earnings of the government by 2%. Rise in the excise duty of beer by 1.08% and wines and spirits has also been risen up. Income tax is the biggest elements of government taxes receipts; income tax was expected to be the benefit from the rise of the employments (Kaiser, 2011). As the corporation tax has been risen by 9% of total tax receipts. Corporation tax income has come down by 28% r 21% from the year in 2014. This shows that, country is not being able to motivate the new promoters to open new business. One of the biggest incomes of British economy comes out of income tax which is 167 billion (www.theguardian.com, 2014). 6. UK Government spending and revenues after and before the financial crisis As per the report of IMF , it has been found that, Britain was running structural deficit with 5.2 pc in 2007. By using the various measurement amounts by which the public borrowings exceeds tax revenues by considering the external factors (Felstead et al. 2012). Britain entered into the global financial crisis in worsts positions than the other developed nations. Before the financial crisis country position was better than before the financial crisis because of the country growth rate was increased by 11.09% per year though there was deficit. However, country has been was overspending in the unnecessarily without keeping on the tabs of the performance (Wanna et al. 2010). This has increased the country debt and increase in deficit. The scale of bank losses due to housing bubble in US has made more difficult for the banks to borrow money on money markets. Some of the major banks were running out of money in several nations such as UK, Ireland and Cyprus (www.ons.gov.uk, 2015). After deficit country started prioritizing of the expenditures to sustain the future economic growth and poverty reduction of UK. One of the good news is that UK has stop taking everything for granted , country has going for safety nest , protecting social spending through loans and harnessing the crisis to achieve major reforms that will help to improve the efficiency and quality (Rowley et al. 2002). On the other hand, company started on core spending techniques by making growth plan by implementing Keynesian approach within the economy with modernizing the versions. Decline in spending ahs growth rates is due to crisis risk settings bank achievement of human development goals. As per the World Bank analysis that found that financing shortfalls to cover risk spending on health, educations, safety and infrastructure with amount of more than 247 in these areas as compare to other areas (Iley and Lewis, 2007). As per the CNN report, BOE (Bank of England) has announced that, growth rat es would slowly and steadily overcome the recession. Bank is keeping tab and eagle eye on the performance of domestic market of UK. In the three month ending in June, chances of rise in the GDP by 0.9%. UK is now looking for the strong fiscal policy and policy to control the inflations and the recessions rate. Apart from that, government has also asked the apex banks like BOE to reduce the CRR rates from 5% to 0.5% would make the borrowings for the new industries and aspires the promoters to open new business (Jackson, 2000). The recession has harmed spherically those nations who are much dependent upon the stamp duty and tax from the finance sector was US and UK. UK introduces a temporary cut in the VAT after the recession period (Higgins, 2013). 7. Comparing UK economy with rest of the EU All European nations members states that, their latest deficit and debt are reviewed twice a year. As per the latest financial report of IMF, it has been found that, USA structural deficit was by 3.35pc, France was 3 pc and Germany was 1.1pc in compare to structural deficits which was 5.2 pc. GDP growth rate during and faster the recession of UK and other Eu nations Countries GDP 2007 GDP 2008 GDP 2009 GDP 2010 GDP 2011 UK 0.6% -1.8% -0.91% 2.6% 3.7% France 1% -0.2% -1.8% 0.2% 1.2% Germany 0.4% -0.5% -0.3% 2.5% 2.85% Italy 0.3% -2.4% -0.45% 2.2% 1.98% Portugal 0.02% -2.2% -0.67% 1.03% 2.02% US 0.8% -2.7% -0.91% 1.10% 3.07% Graph 6: GDP rates of UK and other EU nations before and after recessions (Source: Jenkins, 2013, pp-558) The outputs lost during the recession will not be able to manage the loss of the nations in coming years. From the above, it ahs been found that, UK recession was longer than other nations like France and Germany excluding PIGS nations form the Europe (Martin, 2007). The latest news is that EU treasury is looking to forecast the growth between 1% and 1.5% in 2010 for UK. However, the latest average the forecast suggest that, GDP may return the pre recession level in the second d quarter of UK , France , Germany and the US in 2012 (Felstead et al. 2012). However, some of the powerful economic nations like Japan was 8.7% of GDP and Italy was 6.9% , Germany with 6.4% has suffered greater loss in GDP that UK. Both Italy and Portugal has been faced tough situation because of the negative growth. Euro zone nations economic are facing tough to survive in the competitive environment. With the help of spending by the various nations shows that how euro zone are faring in compare to the other nations. Years 2010 2011 2012 2013 Germany -0.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 France 0 0 -0.1 0.2 Italy -0.7 -0.8 -0.7 -0.2 Spain -0.5 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 Netherland -0.6 0.2 0.1 -1.1 Portugal -1.4 -0.1 -1.1 -0.8 UK -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 1 Graph 7: Production and investment of government during the time of economic crisis (Source: Kersting, 2008, pp-172) From the above, it has been found that most of the Euro nation are not willing consumer are spending higher than UK in both households and Government projects. Germany GDP grew by 4.2% in 2011 and 3% in 2012. Among the 17 euro nations, Germany is one who escapes worst effects of the crisis that has been treated to untangle the bloc (Mody and Sandri, 2012). However, UK government last month has announced to economic growth of 213 will be 1.6% to 1% blaming the reduction on the Euro zone crisis and weaker economic growth in the Asian and Latin American nations. Apart from that, Netherlands is shrinking by 1.1% in its third quarter of production and investment areas (Tomes, 2003). As compare to other developed nations of EU and Asia pacific, UK is perfuming well but it is not performing as per its potential because of huge amount debt and interest is needed to paid to the IMF and the Nationalized banks. Conclusion From the above study, it has been found that, there has been ample evidence which shows that, UK Economy has been stronger in terms of its fiscal policy and economic policy. Apart from that, country was also hit strong by the economic crisis of 2008 because of its economic policy in compare to its rival nations like US and France. However, country is strongly suffering from the debt to GDP ratio which is negative. As the defect is because of the overspending in the defence and the Social protection areas which again cost the educations and the health care. Moreover, UK national accounts also has clear that, there has been deflation within the economy and other various issues which is the reason behind the failure of the country performance in compare to strongest competitive nations. Reference list Books Geroski, P. and Gregg, P. (1997). Coping with recession. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hartwick, J. (2000). National accounting and capital. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Higgins, K. (2013). Financial whirlpools. Kidlington, Oxford, UK: Academic Press. Humphries, S. (1996). United Kingdom national accounts. London: Stationery Office Books. Iley, R. and Lewis, M. (2007). Untangling the US deficit. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Jackson, D. (2000). The new national accounts. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Jenkins, S. (2013). The great recession and the distribution of household income. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Martin, B. (2007). Resurrecting the UK historic sector national accounts. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Centre for Business Research. Parker, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship in recession. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Rowley, C., Shughart, W. and Tollison, R. (2002). The economics of budget deficits. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Simon, S. and Proops, J. (2000). Greening the accounts. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Wanna, J., Jensen, L. and Vries, J. (2010). The reality of budgetary reform in OECD nations. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Journals Felstead, A., Green, F. and Jewson, N. (2012). An analysis of the impact of the 2008-9 recession on the provision of training in the UK. Work, Employment Society, 26(6), pp.968-986. Gregg, P. and Wadsworth, J. (2010). The UK labour market and the 2008-9 RECESSION. National Institute Economic Review, 212(1), pp.R61-R72. Hodson, d. (2011). The EU Economy: The Eurozone in 2010*. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 49, pp.231-249. Kaiser, H. (2011). The Eurozone: Challenges and Structural Problems. Global Policy, 2(3), pp.341-344. Kersting, E. (2008). The 1980s recession in the UK: A business cycle accounting perspective. Review of Economic Dynamics, 11(1), pp.179-191. Mody, A. and Sandri, D. (2012). The eurozone crisis: how banks and sovereigns came to be joined at the hip. Economic Policy, 27(70), pp.199-230. Thompson, H. (2005). Beyond Sandler: Risk tolerance and the UK investment deficit. J Financ Serv Mark, 9(4), pp.375-389. Tomes, A. (2003). UK government science policy: the enterprise deficit fallacy. Technovation, 23(10), pp.785-792. Websites BBC News, (2014). UK debt and deficit: All you need to know. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-25944653 [Accessed 10 Jan. 2015]. Monaghan, A. (2014). Government borrowing 10% higher than last year. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/21/government-borrowing-10-percent-higher-budget-deficit [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. Pettinger, T. (2012). UK Budget Deficit | Economics Help. [online] Economicshelp.org. Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/5922/economics/uk-budget-deficit-2/ [Accessed 5 Jan. 2015]. Ukpublicspending.co.uk, (2015). UK National Debt - Current, Recent, Historical Charts Tables. [online] Available at: https://www.ukpublicspending.co.uk/uk_national_debt [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. www.ons.gov.uk/, (2015). Impact of the recession on household spending. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_256980.pdf [Accessed 8 Jan. 2015]. www.ons.gov.uk/, (2015). Public Sector Finances, December 2012. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_295776.pdf [Accessed 9 Jan. 2015].

Stanford University 2018-2019 Supplemental Essay Prompts

College essays required for top colleges and Ivy League schools are often known for their unusual, creative essay prompts. Stanford University is changing its set of essay prompts with an eye on making them more accessible for the Class of 2022. The university has rephrased a few long-standing prompts, discarded a couple, and added a few new ones.The format will remain the same with Short Questions limiting the applicant to 50 words and Short Essays between 100 and 250 words.Stanford University Short QuestionsRemember, you only have a 50 word limit, so get to the point. Most of these questions are quite straightforward and require you to give a straight answer. Of course, there are ways for you to try and incorporate who you are and highlight specific qualities about yourself. We are here to help you with that. Of the short questions, four of the question prompts remain the same, one is rephrased and two new ones were added: [NO CHANGE] Stanford Short Question 1: What is the most significant challenge that society faces today? TIP: Your answer is extremely important, but so is your reasoning. Explain why you think thats the most significant challenge, and in doing so youll show off your thought process. You can even consider answering this prompt by tying it to an extracurricular activity or cause that you’ve worked on and demonstrated leadership in. [NO CHANGE]Stanford Short Question 2:How did you spend your last two summers? TIP: This is a straightforward essay prompt. Answer it accordingly. However, we’d recommend including a standout anecdote that illustrates a lesser known aspect of your personality. Again, you can provide a short reasoning as to why you chose to spend the last two summers the way you did. To learn more? To experience different things? To make money? Let them know what motivates you. [NO CHANGE] Stanford Short Question 3:What historical moment or event do you wish you could have witnessed? TIP: If you have a particular penchant for history, this is your time to shine. If not, consider older mentors in your life. What are historical events that have occurred in their lifetime? [NO CHANGE] Stanford Short Question 4:What five words best describe you? TIP: Don’t overthink this one. The only thing to look out for is not choosing too many synonyms. You only have 5 words so vary them! Ask your friends, teachers, coach, family and see if they give you different words that you didnt even think of! [REPHRASED] Stanford Short Question 5:â€Å"When the choice is yours, what do you read, listen to, or watch?† TIP:This short question prompt used to be Name your favorite books, authors, films, and/or artists.† The broader wording of this prompt now allows applicants to move beyond what could be interpreted as more traditional forms of literature and the arts. Instead of choosing your favorite book or film, you now have the freedom to discuss your consumption of any form of media. Don’t worry about impressing the admissions committee with an answer that makes you seem super intellectual. Be honest. Make it unique by sharing your singular perspective about the content you prefer. [ADDED] Stanford Short Question 6:Name one thing you are looking forward to experiencing at Stanford. TIP: This is your chance to wax poetic about what draws you to Stanford. Whether it’s the student orgs or campus culture, talk about it here. Feel free to refer to student traditions in our 10 Fun Facts series to tackle this question. You can also look through our Admit Advice to read about what current Stanford students say about their school. [ADDED] Stanford Short Question 7:Imagine you had an extra hour in the day — how would you spend that time? TIP: You may not have had a chance to discuss a hidden passion or interest you haven’t yet explored and so it doesn’t appear on your activities lists. Explore that here. You may even want to answer this question last after youre done with all your personal statement and supplemental essays. Once you have everything else done, youll be able to look at your application and see what qualities about yourself is missing. The Stanford Short Questions removed from the Essay Prompts: âÅ"â€" â€Å"What were your favorite events (e.g., performances, exhibits, competitions, conferences, etc.) in recent years?† âÅ"â€" â€Å"What newspapers, magazines, and/or websites do you enjoy?† Some counselors theorize that the new additions will convey to applicants that Stanford values the free time of its students and wants its students to consider and pursue interests and activities that speak to them. Stanford University Supplemental Essay Questions There will still be three (3) short essay questions youll need to respond to for the Stanford University 2018-2019 application. Two remain unchanged and one has been rephrased. There is a 100-word minimum and a 250-word maximum for each essay.Stanford Supplemental Essay Prompt 1The Stanford community is deeply curious and driven to learn in and out of the classroom. Reflect on an idea or experience that makes you genuinely excited about learning.NO CHANGES: This used to be the famous Stanford intellectual vitality essay prompt that was removed last year. Experts believe the change will help students think beyond the classroom to also consider subjects and interests they want to explore in a non-academic capacity. TIP: This is where you traditionally talk about why you want to study what you want to study at Stanford. Or, take a different approach with this new phrasing to discuss the aspects about your life that drive you to ask questions. ESSAY EXAMPLE: This essay example is from the most recent Class of 2022 - the only application cycle so far that has been asked this new essay prompt. As youll see in this example, applicants are responding with more than what they want to major in, or what they are learning in the classroom. They have the option of taking it further and exploring issues that they care about that drive them to keep learning.Essay excerpt from StanfordNerd Sociology Major, Stanford University 22 Unbeknownst to me, my abnegation to analyze a different demographic stemmed from my female identity. Distanced from the effects of racial inequality, analyzing stereotypes apart from my own meant analysis from afar. Being catcalled as I walked through Queens or my mothers struggle to lead her male employees were irrelevant in my original project. Once I recognized that the source of my discomfort came from examining a topic too close to home, I faced an ethical dilemma: contributing to academic or my peace of mind. Unlock her Stanford application file to read her full personal statement and supplemental essays!Stanford Supplemental Essay Prompt 2Virtually all of Stanfords undergraduates live on campus. Write a note to your future roommate that reveals something about you or that will help your roommate—and us—know you better.NO CHANGES:There are no changes to this prompt. This has been one of the prompts to Stanfords application for a long time, because it gives the applicant a chance to be a little more casual and fun, and show off their personality outside of the classroom. Plus, Stanford puts a lot of effort behind the freshmen year roommate selection, so its a reflection of that aspect too! TIP: Have fun with this one! Let your personalitywhether it’s sarcasm, humor, self-deprecation, or love for analogiescome through. It’s a chance to share your values in everyday life. Read tried and true Stanford Roommate essay examples here. ESSAY EXAMPLE: This essay example is also from a Stanford applicant that applied to be in the Class of 2022. He takes a very straightforward approach with the roommate essay, which works here because its all about showing off who you are. If thats what youre like, go for it. Dont try to be too clever with it. Sometimes doing less is more.Essay excerpt from Htownbrown Political Science Government Major, Stanford University 22 Here are a few facts about me: 1. I am from Houston, TX where we are proud to be the fourth largest and most diverse city in the U.S.A.! 2. I love Netflix. We definitely have to spend some free nights watching House of Cards. 3. I love tennis. Im like a tennis encyclopedia, and Ive watched every Serena Williams match in the last four years. Let me know if you want to play a set or two. 4. Morning or night - Im up 24/7, so were good for many all-night study sessions. Unlock his Stanford successful application file to learn more about his journey! Stanford Supplemental Essay Prompt 3Tell us about something that is meaningful to you, and why?CHANGES: This prompt used to read What matters to you and why?. TIP: Consider discussing a cause you care about, a personal relationship that’s significant in your life, or a memory that you believe drives you to be the person you are today. ESSAY EXAMPLE: This last essay example is also from the Class of 2022. This essay prompt lets you talk about whats most meaningful to you, thereby allowing you to share what your values and perspectives are. When you choose what to write about, Id suggest waiting until youve written your personal statement and the above supplemental essays and see what youre missing. If theres nothing missing, then reiterate someone, some place or a moment that youve mentioned and further elaborate why its meaningful to you. This student here does exactly that. She uses this supplemental essay to talk more about her family background - something she touches on in other parts of her application, but was never the main focal point.Essay excerpt from ttk_thereza Chemical Engineering, Stanford University 22 My mom was the youngest one of twelve siblings. This guaranteed that, throughout my childhood, I was always surrounded by uncles, aunt, and cousins. We didnt all live in the same place, thought; the Moreiras are scattered all over Brazil, and it is hard to find a city where there isnt one of us. But every year, we all go back to my grandmas house and celebrate the holidays together. Unlock her Stanford profile to read his college essay and supplemental essays! Hope this was helpful as you write your supplemental essays! If you have any additional questions, please comment below and well give you more advice! Ourpremium plansoffer different levels of profile access and data insights that can help you with your application process. Unlock any of ourpackagesor search ourundergraduate profile databaseto find specific profiles that can help you make an informed choice about where to apply!

Literature essay Essays

Literature essay Essays Literature essay Paper Literature essay Paper My own attitude to the science fiction movies Some people respond differently to works of art such as science fiction and other forms of fiction. Personally I found that science fiction is based on a form of sociological study of the future in that the author seem to believe that the things that they are writing are going to happen in the future. With science fiction, one is able to follow a mathematical or logical projection of the future. In the past, I have read genre fiction. The manner in which science fiction extrapolates and draws from what the reader knows about science and reality is what draws me to genre fiction. The manner in which genre fiction attracts me through its unevenness and unbound less to the confines of law makes it more interesting as one tries to anticipate what is going to happen. Information literacy The study of literacy writing definitely alters the manner in which I appreciate genre writing. The amount of time and energy that authors take to come up with genre writing is incredible and the manner in which they embed the message is fascinating. From Bradburys viewpoint, his narrative skills enables one to participate I what is unfolding in the novel. There is an anticipation by the reader to know the impacts of what has been created and how the new system that is being introduced will work. The styles employed are effective. This is due to the manner in which readers are able to get a mental imagery that the author intended to portray. Regardless of who fills that role, the subject matter always comes with a personal story, background, goal, or achievement they are willingly pursuing. Because the subject is so heavily focused on throughout the duration of a novel, play, or any type of literary work, it is often difficult to focus attention on any variety of supporting characters. The supporters play a crucial role in any form of literature, and usually provide some form of aid, or problem solving information. In most circumstances, these smaller subjects tend to get overlooked. Language and style are the next components of literature, and are subconsciously a means of holding the attention. While the subject Is vital to capturing attention, it is the language used to convey the message of the story that separates the great classic literary works of art from the books that will never be anything more than Just that. As French Journalist, poet, and novelist Anatoly France said, The duty of literature Is to note what counts, and to light up what Is suited to the light. If It ceases to choose and to love, It becomes Like a woman who gives herself thou preference. France Is simply saying, how a literary work and Its language are perceived by the reader determines Its quality. A piece of literature needs not only a subject and a plot, but effective, descriptive, and emotional language, helping the reader become a part of the story themselves. It Is critical to maintain the readers interest throughout, resulting in greater feedback and increased interest from other readers. Anything otherwise would be widely considered a failure by any author and publisher. The last main theme of classic literature, as well as modern literature, is the problematic struggle that a character encounters and the solution en or seen Alcoves. I Nils Is something Tanat may De relatable to a persons every cay life, and can be seen more often in modern day literature. An example of such struggles would be a conflict between the protagonist, or main character, and the antagonist. In this form of conflict, the main character must discover a way to defeat his rival. There can also be sub conflicts occurring within the conflict, such as robbers the two subjects encounter between themselves, consequently leading to the solution. Another form consists of problem solving, where the main character and supporting subjects determine the problem and seek the solution. Here, characters go through different sequences of events, in effect, reaching a solution to the conflict. In most cases, the hero or protagonist triumphs, while the antagonist does not. The main aspects of literature provide us with an understanding of the structure and intentions of that literary work. The subject, language and style, and conflict and elution are all integral facets of classical literature, and any type of literature for that matter. Literature is possibly the most valuable thing a student may take away from their education. l doubt if anything learnt at school is of more value than great literature learnt by heart, said British classical scholar, Richard Livingston. Becoming familiar with and understanding literary concepts is imperative for all students. Literature is the basis of the knowledge our world possesses today, and the knowledge we obtain from literature is indispensable.

Congo Conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Congo Conflict - Research Paper Example Lack of resources and labor and strategic planning prevented the country from effectively controlling mining areas, which could have starved off funding for numerous illegal groups. The country has historically been at conflict since independence from Belgium in 1960. The United Nations has been present in the country from that time although its activities were restarted after the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. The Congo conflict has created many security and economic complications in the great lakes region. The United Nations has played and continues to play a crucial role in peace building and development in the democratic republic of Congo, with the major aim of creating a stable government and ensuring basic human rights are maintained in the country. The conflict in the DRC is complex and has many actors with very many historical injustices mostly a legacy of colonialism. Colonial injustice forms the root cause of the conflict. This paper will argue that the international response to the Congo conflict has not been successful. The paper will highlight the successes and failures MONUC and show that the United Nations and the International Community have not understood the underlying causes of the conflict. Addressing the root causes will help solve the crisis. Introduction Violence experienced in the Eastern Parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo is due to various ethnic and political differences. Peace has been elusive in the DRC and the United Nations is still running missions to maintain peace and stability to a region that has experienced more than one war with violence still flaring up even today. The country has lost over millions of lives to various wars with millions more people having being internally displaced and over thousands of citizens seeking refuge in other countries due to consistent violence in volatile areas including North and South Kivu, Katanga and Itori1. Sexual violence in the region is the most prevalent problem in the country with th ousands of rapes having being documented from 2005 to 20072. The country circumstances are unique because it is landlocked and surrounded by nine other nations. Intermittent violent conflict in the DRC causes regional instability in the region due to a weakened government. The country runs in an over stretched budgets due to constant military activity. Rwanda and Uganda constantly stir violence in Congo due to their constant forays into the DRC for economic reasons. The United Nations influence became critical in 1999 when many of the democratic republic of Congo neighbors became embroiled in the conflict. The United Nation Peacekeepers were tasked with enforcing the Lusaka Accord. The United Nation created the United States Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo commonly known as MONUC in 2000. The major responsibilities of MONUC were to implement and monitor the ceasefire agreement. MONUC was also mandated to collectively facilitate the recognition and observation basic of hu man rights in conjunction with other Non-Governmental Organizations. Despite the presence of the peace keeping forces, the conflict in the region never ended and consequently MONUC mandate has been extended several times with their mandate being constantly reviewed. The peacekeeping force is now required to protect Congo citizens from violence and maintain arms embargoes placed in the region.

Christianity and the American Indian Research Paper

Christianity and the American Indian - Research Paper Example Specifically, these worldviews were deeply rooted in religion and experiences of the sacred. It is the thesis of this paper that the influence of Christianity on Native American culture played a significant role in reshaping the lives of the Amerindians through suppression of spiritual ceremonies and a flagrant disregard for an existence considered to be based on superstition and ignorance. II. BODY Most of the European settlers who came to America were of a Christian religious orientation.3 A basic experience of the sacred in Christianity is that God is The Father. George Washington, and those who took up management of the â€Å"Indians† under his leadership and after his time, perceived the Europeans to be more civilized, of superior intelligence and leadership capability, and entrusted by God to represent His will in I II converting the â€Å"savages† to Christian values, beliefs, over-all perspective, and guidelines for living.4 It is every Christian’s duty t o evangelize the â€Å"truth†. Government authority in White America, being Christian, must represent God to the Natives. The government presented itself as â€Å"Father†, or â€Å"The Great White Father†5 Identifying themselves as â€Å"Father† was a symbol of God-like self-perception, a belief in their own inviolable sacred authority. â€Å"Father†, from a patriarchal European mindset, indicated a belief in their own omnipotence and omniscience, an assumption that they know best. A father is responsible, loving, kind, truthful, supportive, caring, guiding his children in a right way. The White Father, on the other hand, was irresponsible, violent, continuously telling lies and betraying â€Å"his children†, enforcing policies that depleted Native resources and ruined the land, humiliated, insulted and starved the Indians. The path he led them on was intolerable and destructive. While the government and settlers forced conversion to Christi anity, speaking of a Jesus who loved them, at the same time they were continuously punitive toward the Native Americans. Native children were eventually forced into mission-sponsored boarding schools where they were forced to join and attend Christian churches and demonstrate Christian ideals. Native language and religious traditions were strictly prohibited, and the slightest infractions were severely and violently punished6. III Their parents fared similarly. They suffered terrible challenges and limited resources on reservations. They were molded into helplessness, their traditional ways stripped from them. Practicing their religious traditions was legally forbidden.7 The law allowed Native spiritual leaders to be imprisoned up to 30 years.8. This was the law until 1978, when a new law was finally passed, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, recognizing the rights of the Native American sovereign nations to practice their own cultural and religious traditions9. This was fol lowed, in 1993, by the Native American Free Exercise of Religion Act, which allowed religious use of peyote, s traditional practice critical to the spiritual practices of Peyote Indians.10 Of course, by then most of these traditions had been lost.. â€Å"Within four hundred years of their first contact, the white man had succeeded in stripping Native American civilizations of virtually all of their land and had nearly wiped their cultures from the face of the earth.11 The Christian concept of there being only one truth, Christian truth, was not congruent with

Comparison of Arguments in their Effectiveness Essay

Comparison of Arguments in their Effectiveness - Essay Example Men often seek uncomplicated solutions to problems as well as useful advice while women often try to institute intimacy by making a discussion of problems and getting concerned in order to strengthen connections. According to Macaulay and Rafelman, the styles of speech that men and women use to converse have been depicted as "debate vs. relate", "report vs. rapport, or "competitive vs. cooperative". In fact, Rafelman shows that men and women view the world very differently and this is because of not only their gender and physical characteristics, but also because of the way that they are raised. For a long time, it has been known that the two sexes think and make decisions differently and this is the reason why they are good at the diverse roles that they undertake, and this includes matters concerning language. What a man is good at doing and the way he does it is not the exact way that a woman would do it. There has been a lot of debate concerning this matter, with some, such as Ma caulay, believing that to believe that women see the world differently from men is being sexist. Rafelman on the other hand, believes otherwise, and they attribute these differences in attitude to the fact that men and women were created differently and these differences were meant to serve specific purposes. The fact that there are differences between the characteristics of men and women is an indication of the way in which they communicate with others within the society. Men and women have extremely different ways of dealing with speech especially in stressful situations and these show just how dissimilar their worldview is. Despite the fact that the circumstances leading to a stressful situation may be similar between the two sexes, the way the respond to it is often quite different and this is often manifested in the way that they communicate. For example, men tend to become moody and brood over the situations, and more often than not, they end up picking up fights with the peop le in their lives. Furthermore, men are more likely to prefer remaining alone until such a time as they feel better before needing any company. This is not the case with women who, when dealing with stressful situations, often seek the company of their friends and family with whom to converse so that they can help them deal with the situation. Therefore, it can be said that while men are often aggressive in their speech when in a stressful situation, preferring to be alone, women on the other hand prefer to deal with the situation with the help of the people they love. Men and women view the world differently through the use of new technology in the daily activities; one of the findings is that men use the internet more often on a daily basis as compared to the women. In reality, men prefer doing practical things like paying bills online instead of physically doing the payments. On the contrary, women will prefer handling bills physically, and when searching for something online, th ey are likely to view broad range of sources of information. Instead of searching information online using a variety of search engines, they would do the searching using the sources they trust would give them what they are looking for, these are often limited in number which is attributed to the fact that women have a less probability of trusting as compared to men when it comes to practical issues. Men would use the internet tools frequently for various

Influence Of Cultural Identity On Learning English English Language Essay

Influence Of Cultural Identity On Learning English English Language Essay 1-Background of the study: The disadvantages faced by migrant Muslim women in Australia in trying to acquire proficiency in English may result from their diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds as well as the ethnic, religious and cultural barriers based on gender discrimination. Due to their religious and cultural beliefs the needs of the Muslim women are different from other NESB (non English speaking background) communities in Australia. Not being able to access their English language entitlements isolates these women and limits them from participating in the general Australian community. Muslims from Asia first migrated to Australia from the 1860s as divers from Malay and as Afghan cameleers to work for the European settlers. Describe English language as a global language and why interested for people for example: (Non-native speakers of English study the English language for different reasons. For migrant non native speakers of English, bilingualism may be matter of importance to them as their the mother tongue is usually reserved for the domestic and social domains while English speaking skills are acquired for use in the public domain. For Muslims, the issue of bilingualism is much more complex as language for them is not only tied to culture and tradition but also has strong links with religion and religious practices. These religious practices impact both the domestic as also the public realm. For Muslims who do not speak Arabic as mother tongue, the language of religion is different from that of the private space where the mother tongue may be retained. This is further complicated by the impact Islam with its strict doctrines on the roles of men and women in domestic and social life has on the publi c and private domains. The three main languages spoken by Australian Muslims are Arabic, Turkish and English. Add in text from Lambert Gardner and Lambert (1959, as cited in Jahan and Roger, p.3) have summed the orientation of English learners into two: integrative and interpretative. The term integrative entails institutionalizing the English language and this is more common in countries where English native speakers occupied as colonizers (Gardner and Lambert, 1959, as cited in Jahan and Roger, p.3). Meanwhile the term interpretative entails a more personal level of learning wherein the objective is use the language for business purposes and other functional and utilitarian purposes; this may also be characterized as having a higher degree of learner?s interest (Crookes and Schmidt, 1991, as cited in Jahan and Roger, p.3). 1-1-Teaching English as a global language: English has long become the lingua franca for most countries. As English grows in importance as a global language, so does the dependence of people on it from across the world. This is perhaps because the language of science is English and most of the scientific development has been recorded using English as the medium of interactive communication. The inter-dependence of nations in the world is growing as businesses and multi-national corporations across the globe develop and grow. That is the reason why English will perhaps remain the most active and dynamic language for global communication. This ubiquitous presence of English in almost all streams of life and human activities may be attributed to the colonization of most parts of the world, by the Europeans. England had covered vast areas in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Australia during colonization and it only reflects as the language most in use in these areas. Implicitly, this distinction may be a clue to how English is viewed in a particular country- for instance, either as a foreign language (true for interpretative orientation) or as a second language (true for integrative orientation). On a very practical level, globalization reinforced the status of English as the world?s lingua franca. Historically, the spread of English results from colonialism (Le Ha, 2008, p.73) and imperialism. Now, at present context, as Tollefson Tsui (2007, p.1) affirm, there are two tools of globalization- technology and English. Indeed, the study of English by individuals with a non-English speaking background (NESB) is now recogniz ed to be of an utmost importance for practical and useful purposes- English is used for the promotion of global economy, trade and even in humanitarian functions (see Garcia Otheguy, 1989, p.3, as cited in Le Ha, 2008, p.72). The trend of acknowledging and promoting this importance is easy to see. For instance, there is the ever-increasing statistics of NESB individuals studying English anywhere in the world (Jahan Roger, 2006, p.1). For instance, in East Asia, Japan and Korea (Tsui Toleffson, 2007, p.4) considered the study and use of English as political and economic strategy to assert presence in the global village (Albrow, 1990, 1996; Giddens, 1990, 2000, as cited in Tollefson Tsui, 2007, p.1). Then try to connect this paragraph to the next paragraph. For example according to important of english to people in the world in general, english is very important for migrants in Australia especially for muslim in particular, in the next subtitle I will explain why english matters for immigrants in Australia. Always make connect with the next subtitle. Status of Muslims in Australia 1-2-Why learning English language matters to Muslim immigrants in Australia :-I want you first to explain the status of immigrants ( in general) in Australia , for example why they leave their home countries and came to Australia( you have to focus on forced immigrants, for example you have to say that they leave their home country because they looking for safe and because the bad security situation in their home countries and the reasons in details then talk about forced Muslim immigrants ,why they leave their home countries and come to Australia, and mention that they leave some members of their families behind them, explain in details(you have to focus on forced immigrants because they will help you in the literature review in next chapter when you talk about longing, belonging and Diaspora because they are forced immigrants and leave part of their family members like fathers or mother or sisters) then talk about Iraqi Muslim immigrants( for example; in the case of Iraqi Muslim im migrants women ,many Iraqi Muslim families leave the Iraq, they left Iraq because their husbands were working as interpreters with the coalition forces(Australian army) , the terrorists in Iraq consider or identify any body working with the coalition forces as a spy, therefore they left Iraq. According to the Islamic/Arabic culture, the husbands consider as a guardian for their wives. Therefore their wives left Iraq with their husbands and left their parents and Islamic community and lived in Australia so the Iraqi Muslim women were forced to leave Iraq and came to Australia. Explain in details by using your own writing.( use citations in the paragraph to support you writing), it is important to make connect with the next subtitle. Why immigrants need to learn English- Then you have to mention why the immigrants must learn English in Australia, for example to integrate with the Australia society, for successful settlement, and to get a job?explain in details, Problems of language learning for adults Then you have to mention that some immigrants facing difficulties in learning English for many problems. In the case of Iraqi Muslim women, they facing many challenges related to their Islamic/Arabic/Iraqi cultural identity. That what want to investigate in this research, the influence of their cultural identity on their learning English as ESL at language centre in Australia. 1-3- Example from my real life as a migrant and ESL learner in Australia:( rewrite this example by your own words , it is very important) Problem of Muslim identity in Australia I and my wife were came to Australia as forced Immigrants, as I mentioned above, I was one of the interpreters who were worked with the Australian Army in Iraq. Therefore, I left Iraq with my family looking for safe in Australia. When arrived in Australia, my wife started learning English at AMES language centre. After three weeks study English at AMES, my wife was much complain and uncomfortable in learning English at AMES language centre. She explained to me that these challenges related to her identity as a Muslim. For example she said that (her Veil/Hijjab represent her identity, so it is important for me to respect the values and traditions in my cultural identity when I learning English language at AMES in Australia. She said that some students in my classroom were aware when I wearing my Veil/Hijjab.in addition to the English teaching materials in Australia reflect the real life in Australia. These values are opposite to my values as a Muslim. Also she explained to me that she is not interest in interact with the Australian Society, because there are many factors in Australia prevent me related to my cultural identity. So learning English is not important for me because one day I will return back to my home country, Iraq). Because the system in the AMES Language centre allow to students to study at Home by sending Tutor to them to their home, My wife selected this choice and started study English at Home. From my wife experience learning English at AMES, I was confused because I thought these factors are not real challenges affect my wifes learning English. And I thought that my wife will back to AMES one day. But later on I realized these challenges that faced my wife when I got a job in Australia. In the first day of my job, my Boss, he was Russian, was angry because he saw me at lunch time praying, he told me it is not good to pray here, I explain to him that I am Muslim and I have 30 minute lunch time and it is the time of pray. The boss told me, you are not in Iraq, you are in Australia. Therefore, I left this job. At this time, I got directly to my wifes challenge in learning English, She tried to maintain her identity by wear her veil and avoiding different and strange values when she learning English. And I tried to maintain my identity as a Muslim by praying. 1-4-The rationale for the study: -To be able to communicate with the Australian community, most immigrants learn English as a second language at AMES language centre in Melbourne, Australia. As I, my wife and many Iraqi Muslim families immigrated to Australia in 2008, most of them of started learning English language at AMES language centre at the same year. My wife explained to me that there are many issues related to her identity as Muslim women has affected her English learning at AMES language centre. At that time I was interest to investigate the same issues with the other Muslim women from Iraq who immigrated to Australia. 1-5-The aims of the study: -Because Iraqi Muslim women are a part of other NESB women, this research focuses on the problems Iraqi women face when pursuing their studies at an English language centre in Australia. In particular, Does maintaining the Islamic cultural identity when learning English in western society is the main challenge facing women with Islamic cultural background? Therefore I will conduct qualitative in which Muslim womens experiences and perceptions are tapped by using in-depth interviews. 1-6-Research Questions: 1- What perspectives of Iraqi cultural identity do Iraqi Muslim women bring to English learning at AMES language centre in Australia? 2-To what extent does Iraqi Muslim identity impact on Iraqi womens learning in western society (Australia)? 3-Why do Iraqi women in Australia prefer learning English at home instead of AMES language centre? 4-To maintain their cultural values, do Iraqi women prefer learning English away from English culture? 5- What are some implications for Adult ESL providers? 1-7-Organization of the thesis: This study consist of five chapters, following this introductory chapter, chapter two is the argument on identity, according to some western scholars identity is always changing according to the place and time because also they thinks religion is a part of culture while the Islamic identity in the Islamic concept is divided in to essentials qualities and non- essential qualities, the essential factors in the Islamic identity will never change. Therefore Muslim women must maintain these essential factors in her identity. So when Muslim women maintain these factors as her identity, there will be many factors in western society (Australia) will affect their learning English in Australia. Also, I will discuss the implications of acculturation in Second language learning to investigate the challenges of Iraqi Muslim women in learning English when they maintain their essential factors in their identity. Chapter two: Literature review: (5000 words) *overview 2-1-1-Definition of identity: 2-1-2- Concept of identity in Western view (it is very important to use many citations in each subtitle with mention Author name,year,page number) Here you have to talk about identity, because Western Scholars affirm that identity is always changeable and not stable according to time and place. How the identity construct. Also they affirm that religion is a part of culture. Depend on Hall, Norton and others. Also some of them asserted that there are multiple identities. Use many citations. (Be careful that you will discuss the concept of identity from Islamic view later on in other subtitle, so prepare for that subtitle here) 2-1-3- language: Use many citations when you talk about language learning. 2-1-4- The relationship between identity and Language learning: (use many citations) use in-text referencing with author name, page number ,year 2-1-5- The Application of Acculturation Theoriesand models in Second Language Acquisition: (use many citations) use in-text referencing with author name, page number ,year. When explain here take in your consideration the immigrants, explain in details about acculturation strategies for immigrants in second language learning and how immigrants deal with strategies? be aware that you will based on because later on in the findinigs chapter 4 ,i wiil investigate why iraqi women separated, because they want to maintain their identity tnen that influenced their learning english 2-1-6- Consideration of identity in Acculturation: Explain the role of identity in acculturation and how it affects. (use many citations) use in-text referencing with author name, page number ,year 2-3-Concept of identity in Islamic view: Explain that identity according to Islamic scholar is not always changeable because there some essential factors in identity will never change such as pillars of Islam and articles of faith. Also they consider culture is a part of religion. How the identity construct. Explain in details and then talk about viel/Hijjab as a part of articles of faith to prepare for the next subtitle. (Use many citations) use in-text referencing with author name, page number ,year 2-3-1- Veil or Hijjab as a Muslim women identity: Explain what veil means in Islam for example as identity of Muslim women. Why the veil is important, what veil means for other Muslims, why veil important in Islam, which values that veil refer to. (use many citations) use in-text referencing with author name, page number ,year 2-3-2- The role of Iraqi culture in English teaching materials:( use citations to support these writing and rewrite this paragraph according to your own writing) In the case of Iraq, it has a closed-culture society where tradition and the impact of culture and religion are strong even in education. The obstacles that may impede hitting the teaching and learning target goals include: (1) the teachers? attitude and (2) the learners? attitude (Doukas, 1996. pp.187-188). Iraq is a country with 28, 506, 000 population). It is a country in the Middle East that is rich with its Islamic and Arabic traditions. These traditions are the strongest factor that exerts a very solid influence on the conduct of everyday life of its citizens, as well as, quite reflected by country?s social structures. These traditions also established a shared set of ideologies among its people. Iraqi culture is a non-western way of life that forms the key foundation in the locals? education. For Iraqis who stayed mainly in Iraq most of their lives, influence is strongest. Iraqis have very strong beliefs in their own system of beliefs, tradition and culture and they readily re ject anything which they recognize as foreign, especially if they are confined in Iraq. This strong affinity with what they own locally is readily apparent in their well-preserved ways of life. As an Iraqi myself, I say that Iraqis tend to respect cultural differences but when it comes to cultural conflict, they reject anything considered as foreign. To utilize the communicative language teaching (CLT) approach to teach English in Iraq using western resources can then be a very challenging position. Iraqi educational culture is essentially teacher-centered. It is readily observed anywhere in Iraq that the mentor posses the concentration of power and authority. The mentor takes the role of knowledge communicator. It is expected that teachers are the ones to give ideas and information. In other words, student- teacher interactions are less frequent and restricted. These interactions always base from respect and so, it is rarely that students would challenge the point of view of their teachers. Indeed, while this may be viewed as characterizing ?a limited, narrow-minded people, whose inert intellects lay fallow in incurious resignation? (Porter, 1994, p.155; cited in Penycook, 1998; as cited in Le Ha, 2004, p.51), it is more of attitude of respect for teachers dictated by the local culture. On the surface, it may seem that Iraqi students would simply take in whatever is fed to them but there is more to it than simply accepting and eventually echoing the information received. In my view, it is never possible to echo what is just received because in the end, students will always process information and take the meaning from the whole, and not in fragments. Additionally, interactions among students are also less frequent and discouraged. In Iraqi culture, interactions like this are considered more as noise or unnecessary disturbance and are thus, prohibited. Lastly, educational resources used are essentially based on the local culture. This comes rather obvious considering how mono-cultural the society is, and where exposure to non-Iraqi local practices is quite less 2-4- Factors that affect Muslim womens English learning at AMES Language centre: 2-4-1-Negative stereotype held by the host society against Islam and womens veil: explain how negative stereotype against Islam and veil affect Muslim learning Englishin general do not mention iraqi women talk about muslim in general in Australia. Please make connection between negative stereotype and its affect on learning English. How the events after 11 September?.. how media affect on in image of Islam?.then talk in details about veil. (Use many citations) use in-text referencing with author name, page number ,year 2-4-2-longing and belonging: explain longing and belonging affect women learning English. They forced immigrants?..(use many citations) use in-text referencing with author name, page number ,year 2-4-3-Diapora: explain how Diaspora affects women learning English, (use many citations) use in-text referencing with author name, page number ,year 2-4-4- A clash of learning culture: explain how when people learning new culture especially muslim affect their learning.(use many citations) use in-text referencing with author name, page number , year The Application of Acculturation Theories in Second Language Acquisition Second language acquisition (SLA) is the process by which individuals learn a language other than their native language (mother-tongue) leading to bilingualism (Norton, 198, 4). The easiness, ability and success with which the second language- in linguistic terms referred to as the target language (TL) is acquired depends on various socio-cultural and psychological factors, which can either encourage or hinder the learnerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s motivation. Various theories of SLA have been formulated to explain how learners acquire a second language, and the factors that influence the outcome. The acculturation theory explains that social and psychological factors determine the extent to which a second language can be learnt. It is the gradual process by which immigrants or second language learners (2LL) get immersed into the culture of the target language, and as a result learns about that language, à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"through social and psychological integrationà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  (Schumann, 1986, 379). Intercultural differences, however, sometimes make it difficult for immigrants to earn a second language in a new culture. This is especially the case for adolescents and emerging adults (Schwartz, et al, 2006, 2), who are still in the process of identity development. Among Muslim immigrants in the US, for instance, factors such as culture shock and dominance may hinder SLA. Culture shock occurs when immigrants are introduced to a new culture, with a lifestyle different from their ethnic background, such as dressing and socialization patterns. In terms of p sychological factors, the immigrantsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ attitudes about the TL and level of motivation to learn determine the success rate. It affects the level of contact between people of different cultures, and the degree of language learning that takes place as a result (Berry, 2001, 16). For instance, a negative attitude towards the Western culture and way of life will discourage social interaction and hence learning. Nonetheless, second language learners employ a number of acculturation strategies in response to the challenges encountered in the new culture (Bhatia Ram, 2001, 4). They can range from racism to ethnocentrism, both of which can significantly discourage acculturation and in effect, the rate of second language acquisition (Norton, 1986, 13). By assimilation, the 2LL loses their home culture and instead acquires the host culture, such as language and lifestyle. Integration takes place when the 2LL are able to retain their home culture in a culturally plural society (Berry, 1998, 12), while learning and accepting the culture of the TL. On the other hand, separation occurs when the individual refuses to get assimilated or integrated into the new culture. Finally, marginalization takes place if the immigrant suffers rejection, depression and anxiety, and as a consequent gets distanced from both their home and host cultures. In conclusion, second language acquisition is a product of interacting socio-cultural and psychological factors. The acculturation theories identify these factors as responsible for the rate at which immigrants acquire a new language when they are exposed to a different culture. Professor Abdullah Saeed (2004). Muslim Australians. Melbourne: National Capital Printing. [Accessed 30 August 2010]. Available from: http://www.abdullahsaeed.org/book/muslim-australians-their-beliefs-practices-and-institutions.